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Equestrian efforts to clean up the sport and level the playing field take another step forward with the launch of a new anti-doping program
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Horse racing, the sport of running horses at speed, especially thoroughbreds with a rider screaming or standard thoroughbreds with the horse pulling a means of transport with a coachman. These two types of racing are called racing on the flat and harness racing respectively. Some races on the flat – such as steeplechase, point-to-point and hurdles – involve jumping. This article is limited to thoroughbred horse racing on flats without jumps. Flat racing with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article quarter horse racing.
Horse racing is one of the oldest of all sports, and its basic concept has undergone virtually no change over the centuries. It evolved from a primitive contest of speed or endurance between two horses into a spectacle with large fields of runners, sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment and huge sums of money, but its essential characteristic has always remained the same: the horse that reaches the finish line first is the winner. . In the modern era, equestrian sport evolved from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public entertainment business. However, in the first decade of the 21st century, the popularity of the sport had declined significantly.
Knowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory. At the Olympic Games in Greece in the period 700-40 BC. were held both four-high chariot and on skates (bareback) races. Horse races, both with chariots and with riders, were a well-organized public entertainment in the Roman Empire. The history of organized racing in other ancient civilizations is not very firmly established. Organized racing probably started in countries like China, Persia, Arabia and other countries in the Middle East and in North Africa, where horse racing was very developed early. From there also came the Arab, Barb and Turk horses that contributed to the earliest European racing. Such horses became known to Europeans during the Crusades (11th-13th century AD), from where they brought these horses back.
Racing in medieval England began when horses for sale were ridden in competition by professional riders to demonstrate the horses’ speed to buyers. During the reign of Richard the Lionheart (1189–1199), the first known racing purse was offered, £40, for a race over a 3-mile (4.8 km) course with knights as riders. In the 16th century Henry VIII imported horses from Italy and Spain (presumably barbs) and established stud farms in various places. In the 17th century, James I sponsored meetings in England. His successor, Karel I, had a stud of 139 horses when he died in 1649.
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Charles II (reigned 1660-85) was known as “the father of the English turf” and inaugurated the King’s Plates, races in which prizes were awarded to the winners. His articles for these races were the earliest national racing rules. The horses that raced were six years old and weighed 76 kg, and the winner was the first to win two 4-mile (6.4 km) heats. The patronage of Charles II established Newmarket as the headquarters of English racing.
In France, the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as a result of a bet between two noblemen. During the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715), racing based on gambling was widespread. Louis XVI (reigned 1774–93) organized a jockey club and established rules for racing by royal decree that included requiring certificates of origin for horses and placing extra weight on foreign horses.
Organized racing in North America began with the British occupation of New Amsterdam (now New York City) in 1664. Colonel Richard Nicolls, commander of the British forces, established organized racing in the colonies by building a 2-mile ( 3.2 km) track. on the plains of Long Island (named Newmarket after the British racetrack) and offers a silver cup for the best horses in the spring and fall. From the beginning, and continuing until the Civil War, the hallmark of the American thoroughbred was endurance rather than speed. After the Civil War, speed became the goal and the British system became the model.
The earliest races were contests between two or at most three horses, the owners providing the purse, a simple bet. An owner who withdrew usually forfeited half the purse, later the entire purse, and bets also fell under the same “play or pay” rule. Agreements were recorded by disinterested third parties who came to be called keepers of the match book. One such keeper at Newmarket in England, John Cheny, began to publish
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(1729), a consolidation of fight books at various racing centers, and this work was continued annually with varying titles until James Weatherby established it in 1773 as
By the mid-18th century, the demand for more public racing had created open events with larger fields of runners. Eligibility rules were developed based on the horse’s age, sex, place of birth and past performance and rider qualifications. Competitions were established where the owners were the riders (gentlemen riders), where the field was geographically limited to a city or district, and where only horses that had not won more than a certain amount were entered . A 1740 Act of the British Parliament required horses to be entered to be the bona fide property of their owners, preventing “ringers”, a superior horse fraudulently entered against inferior horses; horses had to be certified by age; and there were penalties for rough driving.
Contemporary accounts identified riders (in England called jockeys – as professionals – from the second half of the 17th century and later in French racing), but their names were not officially recorded until later. Only the names of winning trainers and riders were recorded for the first time
, but in the late 1850s all were mentioned. This neglect of the riders is partly explained by the fact that when races consisted of 4-mile heats, with winning two heats necessary for victory, the judgment and skill of the individual rider was not so decisive. As dash racing (a heat) became the rule, a few yards in a race became important, and therefore the skill and judgment of the rider to coax that advantage from his race.
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All horse racing on the flat except quarter horse racing involves thoroughbred horses. Thoroughbreds evolved from a mixture of Arabian, Turkish and Barb horses with native English strains. Private genealogies existed from the beginning of the 17th century, but they were not always reliable. In 1791 Weatherby was published
And sales papers. After a few years of revision, it was updated annually. All Thoroughbreds are said to be descended from three “Oriental” stallions (Darley Arabian, Godolphin Barb and Byerly Turk, all brought to Britain, 1690-1730) and from 43 “Royal” mares (imported by Charles II). The rise of English racing and therefore of
From 1791 provided a standard for assessing a horse’s breeding (and thus, at least in part, its racing qualities). In France
Dates back to 1897 and includes breeds from Canada, Puerto Rico and parts of Mexico as well as the United States.
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The long-standing reciprocity between pedigrees in different countries was broken in 1913 by the Jersey Act adopted by the English Jockey Club, which disqualified many Thoroughbreds bred outside England or Ireland. The purpose of the act was apparently to protect the British Thoroughbred from infusions of North American (mainly American) sprint blood. After a flurry of victories in prestigious English races by French horses of “contaminated” American ancestry in the 1940s, the Jersey Act was repealed in 1949.
The original King’s Plates were standardized races – all were for six-year-old horses carrying 168 pounds in 4-mile heats, with a horse having to win two heats to become the winner. From 1751, five-year-olds carrying 140 pounds (63.5 kg) and four-year-olds carrying 126 pounds (57 kg) were admitted to the King’s Plates, and heats were reduced to 2 miles (3.2 km). Other racing for four-year-olds was well established by this time, and a race for three-year-olds carrying 112 pounds (51 kg) in a 3-mile (4.8 km) heat was run in 1731. Heat racing for four-year-olds continued in the United States until the 1860s. By that time, heat racing in Europe had long been eclipsed by dash racing, a “dash” being any race decided by just one heat, regardless of the distance. Equestrian sport is an equestrian sport in which two or more horses are typically freed. by jockeys (or sometimes riding without riders) over a set distance for competition. It is one of the most feared of all sports because its basic premise – to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance – has remained largely unchanged
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